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THE
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THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
Pow & { 1 ar
ZOOLOGY. | Oeg> ee Ve ee \% wes VOL. XIII. Ke ¥ ip Ny, ¢ Cy, | LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE, AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. 1878.
Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume.
No. 65, » 66, » 97, », 68, » 69, » 40, » “1, > 02,
pp. 1-46, was published September 19, 1876.
» 47-109, ,, 110-185, , 185-260, , 261-334, » 335-384, ., 385-457, » 457-530,
December 15, ,, February 28, 1877. June 5, 3 June 20, 3 August 20, a September 25, _,, February 27, 1878.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRBET.
LIST OF PAPERS.
Auiman, Professor, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e. The Anniversary Address of the President for 1876.—Recent Researches among some of the more simple Sarcode Organ- Bertisec Guy itt LO ood Cubs.) crt akonate iY twit ile nurs S elegans
The Anniversary Address of the President for 1877.—Recent Researches among some of the more simple Sarcode Organ- isms. (Second Notice.) (With 17 woodcuts.)............
AnpDERSON, Dr. Joun, F.L.S. &c., Curator of Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta. On the Habits of Hornbills, being extract of a Letter to Dr. J. Murtes ces si tal ate SUA a a ge eer i IRR Ro Ia ere
Baty, JosEPH, S., Esq., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &e. Descriptions of Genera and Species of Australian Phytophagous HS Sep leary termes Seer semitone ene ev ohana a ata ANet«P- st areth aan enctare aay ae
Buriter, Artuur G., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Senior Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum. Descriptions of two new Lepidopterous Insects from Malacca.. On new Species of the Genus Huptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded. (Plate XII.) ...............: The Butterflies of Malacca. (Abstract.)...........
CARPENTER, P. HERBERT, B.A., Biological Master at Eton College. On the Genus Actinometra, Mill., with a Morphological Ac- count of a new Species (4. polymorpha) from the Philippine stands aC Mos tracts) > ict eed palePe Curasak wc nol osie a eae
CxiaRrke, The Rey. Ropert, F.LS., and Prof. Sr.-GzoreE Mivarr, Secretary of the Linnean Society.
Page
261
440
On the Sacral Plexus and Sacral Vertebree of Lizards. ( Abstract.) 370
iv Page CoBBoxp, T. Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. Trematode Parasites from the Dolphins of the Ganges, Plata- nista gangetica and Orcella brevirostris. (Plate X. and wood- (It Pe SSG o.c c's 9 5 <6 OS ean Rene CP rites 3 Sint c 30 CoLuLETT, Ropert, Esq., Conservator, University Museum, Chris- tiania, C.M.Z.8., &e.
On: Diyodes lemmuisHmNOEWway eats. «ss. cuss oo nemo 527 Crotcu, W. Duppa, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
On the Migration and Habits of the Norwegian Lemming .... 27
Additional Note relative to the Norwegian Lemming........ 83
Further Remarks on the Lemming. (Plate XIII.).......... 157 Day, Francis, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. |
On some Irish Gasterostei. (With a woodcut.) ............ 110
Geographical Distribution of Indian Freshwater Fishes :— Part I. The Acanthopterygii, Spiny-rayed Te' PpSIeRD Fishes. 138
art 00, Che Silumideas G2. xokavstd.ereietal etl eet ete et alllnh a alec 388 On Amphibious and Migratory Fishes of Asia. cwith a wood- GU Yoder SRG OtB ches cae coren en Grace Aaa oben into a id aA Ne Ca coo 198
Doran, ALBAN H. G., F.R.C.S. Morphology of the Mammalian Osstcula auditis. (Abstract.).. 185
ErHeripGEe, Ropert, Jun., F.G.S., and Prof. Nrcnouison, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. Notes on the Genus <Alveolites, Lamarck, and on some allied Forms of Paleozoic Corals. (Plates XIX. and XX.)...... 353
GintHeEr, Dr. A., F.R.S., F.L.S., Keeper of the Zoological Depart- ment, British Museum. Notice of two large Extinct Lizards, formerly inhabiting the Mascarene Islands. (With 6 woodcuts.) ................ 322
Lussock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., F.RS., F.LS., D.C.L., Vice-Chan- cellor of the University of London. Observations on the Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps.—Part TV. (Plate XVII. and 7 woodcuts.) ..... Be ane 2 cee 217
MInrosu, W.C., M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &e. Note on a new eat of the ieacaaee: (Anaitis rosea) .. 215
M‘Lacuran, R.,.Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &. On the Nymph-stage of the Embidz, with Notes on the Habits of the Paniily, Geta te tate NOSE) nic gem an, cus co deo eee
4 : Page
Miers, Epwarp J., Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Assistant in the Zoological
Department, British Museum.
Notes upon the Oxystomatous Crustacea. (Abstract.)........ 107
On Acteomorpha erosa, a new Genus and Species of Crus- erection. 4 1e7 gel. GU 1G) Ae eee a Panto. ee Le a 183
On Species of Crustacea living within the Venus’s Flower-
basket (Euplectella) and in Meyerina claviformis. (Plate RURGIEN | Mester ceecah ec coe ec cleraccr eho the elel tia 8 SPSS Int aI eRe AIR EP 506
Mrvart, Prof. St.-GroreGE, Secretary of the Linnean Society, and the Rev. RoBERT CLARKE, F.LS. On the Sacral Plexus and Sacral Vertebree of Lizards. (AMLUISTEY SLD) Sea A mS on ieee a OTC 370
_ Nrcxoxson, Prof. H. ArtEyneE, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.LS., and Ropert ErHeRiveGsr, Jun., F.G.S. Notes on the;Genus Alveolites, Lamarck, and on some allied For. .,, aleeozoic Corals. (Plates XIX. and XX.) ...... 353
Pracu, Cuartes Wit1iaM, Hsq., A.L.S. &e. Observations on British Polyzoa. (Plate XXIII.) ............ 479
ROLLESTON, GrorGrR, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Oxford. On the Prehistoric British Sus. (Abstract.)..........0.... 108
Romanes, GrorGe J., M.A., F.LS., &e. An Account of some new Species, Varieties, and Monstrous Forms of Meduse.—II. (Plates XV. and XVI.).......... 190
SEELEY, Harry Govier, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.8S., Professor of Geo- graphy in King’s College, London. On the Organization of the Ornithosauria. (Plate XI.)........ 84
SHarp, D., Esq., M.B. &c. Description of some new Species of Beetles (Scarabzeidee) from
Centrale Ami enicagas te scar yah ae, shorts: oh tenes a caverns rg ve 129 Observations on the Respiratory Action of the Carnivorous Wrateribcenles (Dy tiseidea)y ie oii ints vie ae viene arcele mc oats 161
SHarps, R. Bowpier, Hsq., M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e., Senior As- sistant, Zoological Department, British Museum. On the Geographical Distribution of the Accipitres. (Part I. The Vulturide.) (Plates I—-[X., coloured maps.) ........ 1
¥1
SHarpe, R. Bownier, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e. (contenwed). Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea :— Part. I. Notes on a small Collection of Birds from South- eastern New Guinea ........ 7 nahi ee 79 Part II. On the Ornithological Collections formed by the late Dr. James in South-eastern New Guinea and Yule
Islan ge epeaeie ee ie caer. oils locke el, ep eee 005
Part III. On a new Species of Goshawk from the Island of doles (Elis XCSCUR)c goo podacaen so odeasosode 457
Part IV. On the Collection of Birds brought by Mr. Octavius C. Stone from South-eastern New Guinea...... 486 Description of a new Hornbill from the Island of Panay ...... 155
Smirn, Epear A., F.Z.8., Zoological Department, British Museum. Description of Acantharachna mirabilis, a new Form of Ophiu-
ibe “Cubes WAllb) peeaesutebeoousroomcb os noe Shsc.4 7 330
Tomson, Sir C. Wyvittn, LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S.,
&e., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of
Edinburgh, Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff of the ‘ Chal-
lenger’ Exploring Expedition.
Notice of new living Crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinide. (ANGI Sy yyOOulemirsh)) “Gab ode ao 505 ¢agdeoes 554 ob obo auc: 47
Notice of some Peculiarities in the Mode of Propagation of cer- tain Echinoderms of the Southern Sea. (With 13 woodcuts.) 55
VERRAL, G. H., Esq., Memb. Entom. Soe. Description of a new Genus and Species of Phoridz parasitic on J NHS eg. S Senay OS OO AEE OEE Oued een oobedaniods 258
Wuire, Dr. F. Bucwanan, F.LS. &e. On the Male Genital Armature in the European Rhopalocera. (UNSER) iad Wann Shas eimona Galea pin oso bm aig se brordibo on 195
vil
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE tea) Il. | AccriprrrEs.—Their Geographical distribution, dlustrating Mr. R. 1. | Bowdler Sharpe’s paper by nine coloured maps. The range of iv \ the genera and species of the Vulturide are indicated by different
colours, the genera included comprising Vultur, Sarcorham- phus, Cathartes, Gyps, Catharistes, Pseudogyps, Lophogyps: VIL. | Rhynogryphus, Otogyps, and Neophron.
X. Fiuxss, from Gangetic Dolphins, showing anatomyof Distoma lancea, D. campula, and D. Anderseni, to illustrate Dr. Cobbold’s history and description of these Trematode parasites.
XI. ORNITHOSAURIA.—Structural details and comparisons of Fossil and Recent Birds and Reptiles, illustrating Prof. Seeley’s paper on the organization of the group in question.
XII. Burrerriies.—Illustrating Mr. A. G. Butler’s paper on new species of the genus Huptychia.
XIII. Cuart AnD Puians showing routes of the migration of the Norwegian Lemming as specified in Mr. W. Duppa Crotch’s remarks thereon.
XIV. AcTmOMORPHA EROSA, illustrating Mr. H. J. Miers’s description of this new genus and species of Crustacean.
& cies and of malformations in this group, illustrating Mr. G. J,
| inant of mal and diagrammatic representations of new spe- XVI. Romanes’s account of his observations.
XVII. Sprctzs or Ants, illustrating Sir J. Lubbock’s paper (Part IV.) on the habits of these creatures.
XVIII. ACANTHARACHNA MIRABILIS.—Figures of, and details illustrating, Mr. E. A. Smith’s new Ophiurid.
XIX.7 Patmozorc Coras.—Microscopic structural peculiarities of the & genus Alveolites, &c., illustrating Prof. H. A. Nicholson and Mr, R. XX. Etheridge’s paper on the group.
vill
PiatTE XXT. Origoroma Micnarti1.—Larva, nymph, and perfect insect, in illus-
tration of Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s paper on the Hmbide.
XXII. Astur Meyverianus.—Figure accompanying Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s de- scription of this Goshawk.
XXIII. Britisn Potyzoa.—Illustrating Mr. C. W. Peach’s observations and descriptions of new species of this group.
XXIV. Crustaceans In SponeEs.—Figures in illustration of Mr. EH. J. Miers’s paper on species living within Huplectella and Meyerina.
ERRATA.
Page 310, line 9 from bottom, p has dropped out from L. cyanocephala (Lath.). 327, top line heading table (Dr. Giinther’s paper on extinct Mascarene Lizards), G. Newtonii and G'. verus should be transposed and correspond in position to those in table p.326. 348, lines 11, 12, & 18, O, O, O should be OC, C, C, in agreement with the contraction for genus Callichrous.
”
3”)
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
On the Geographical Distribution of the Accipitres. By R. Bowprer Suarps, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.
[Read February 3, 1876.] (Puatss I.-IX.) Part I. The VULTURID A.
Tue following papers will form a supplement to the British- Museum ‘ Catalogue of Birds.’ In the latter volume a classifica- tion of the Accipitres is unfolded; and I now propose to treat of the geographical distribution of the birds described in the first volume of that work; for until a classification has been deter- mined upon, my experience tells me that it is impossible to treat of the distribution of the feathered tribes over the earth’s surface. I am at the same time aware that several writers have called in question my arrangement of the birds of prey, notably that con- scientious and indefatigable naturalist Mr. Robert Ridgway ; but TI have as yet found no reason to modify my conclusions in any serious degree; and I therefore feel pleased to have an opportu- nity of expounding my system of classification of the Accipitres, feeling, as I do, that the consideration of their geographical distri- bution will confirm the views expressed in the work above alluded to.
It is here necessary only to state that I divide the birds of prey into three distinct groups, which I consider to be of the rank of suborders. These are Hawks, Ospreys, and Owls. The second and the last have a remarkable osteological character in common in the long tibia, which is more than double the length of the tarsus; and they have at the same time the outer toe reversible. These
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 1
2 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
points seem to me to be of the first importance ; and as further characters can be found for the separation of the Owls from the other birds of prey, it seems to me natural to consider the Ospreys as Accipitres with an owl-like structure and the habits of Fishing Eagles; and thus they would naturally occupy an intermediate position between the Owls and the great mass of the diurnal birds of prey.
The first of my suborders, the Falcones, is much the largest of the three, and may be divided into two primary groups— Vultures (Vulturide) and Hawks (Falconide). The former have never any true feathers on the crown of the head, this part being either quite bare or covered with silky down. In habits, the American Vul- tures so closely resemble those of the Old World, that I cannot bring myself to consider them anything but Vultwres, though ad- mitting that they are very aberrant in their structure. I there- fore still keep them in the family Vulturide, and divide these birds into two subfamilies, one of them ( Vulturine) containing the Old-world vultures, and the other (Sarcorhamphine) containing the American species. It is with the geographical range of these birds that we now propose to deal.
1. VutruR Monacuus. (Map L.)
V. monacuus, Lu.; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 3.
For the distribution of the Cinereous Vulture see Dresser’s ‘Birds of Europe’ (pt. xiii.); but observe that the bird does not visit West Africa as there stated. The vulture mentioned by Fraser under the name of V. monachus is the small form of African Hooded Vulture, Neophron monachus (Temminck), peculiar to the Ethiopian region, into the north-eastern portion of which alone the present species ranges.
PALZARCTIC REGION.
France. Occurs accidentally in Provence, Languedoc, and Dauphiné (Degland & Gerbe); mhabits the Spanish Pyrenees as well as the French, where it arrives in June, departing in October. It is not, however, un- common on a fine winter day to see them appear in the neighbourhood of Bagnéres-de-Bigorre, which fact seems to indicate that at least some indi- viduals winter, if not in the French, at any rate in the Spanish Pyrenees. The localities which it seems to prefer in the western chain of these moun- tains are, according to M. Darracq, Mounts Orsamendi, Mousson, Rei- boura, La Rhum, and especially the Aldules. .... A large band of them passed near Angers in October 1839, computed to number 100 individuals,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 'FHE ACCIPITRES. 3
of which three were secured; and a still larger band was said to have passed two years previously. Both came from the north and journeyed towards the Pyrenees (Jaubert et Barthélemu- Lapommeraye).
Spain. By no means rare throughout Andalucia (Saunders); Castilles (Lilford); near Marbella and Cordova (Lilford); on the Spanish side of the Straits frequently to be seen in winter and early spring, though not nearly so common as the Griffon Vulture ; it is more common near Seville than Gibraltar; some breed in Andalucia. Found by Lord Lilford nesting near Madrid (ef. Irby’s B. Gibr. p. 28).
Portugal. Portugal (Bocage); Benavente (Welwitsch); Alemtejo (Mira) ; Collares (Menezes). Cf. Souza, Cat. Accipitr. Lisb. Mus. p. 30.
Balearic Isles. Resident in Mallorca (Saunders).
Switzerland and Savoy. Very rare in both these countries (Bailly).
Italy. Accidental in the Apennines ; two specimens killed near Sarona, according to Durazzo; two killed in May 1863, near Ripatransone, in the province of Ascoli-Piceno (Salvador?).
Sardinia. Commonest Vulture in the island (Brooke).
Austrian Empire. Rarer than the Griffon, and occurs but seldom in the northern and western portions, Kloubouker district (Briinner-Kreis); Stein- burg, in Carinthia; Southern Styria, accidental, once near Pettau; not rare in Siebenburgen;* doubtful whether it breeds in the High Tatra, Galicia ; Hungary, near Ofen, common in the south (Von Tschudi); Banat (Zelebor, Mus. Wien). Cf. Pelzeln, Geier und Falk. p. 126.
Bohemia. Very rare (Fritsch, J. f. O. 1871, p. 175). Comes from the east; Konig-gratz; the Georgsberg near Laudnic; near Leitomitschl (Fritsch).
Germany. Once in Schleswig, once in Ober Lausitz, once in E. Prussia (Borggreve), Frankstadt (Mahren) in the end of May 1873; Hochwald, not far from Frankstadt; about the same time near Bielitz, Silesia, on tac authority of Prof. Tolsky (Von Tschusi, J. f. O. 1874, p. 341).
Kurland. Shot by Forester Tamma (Goedel, J. f. O. 1873, p. 8).
Poland. Kielce and Rakolupy in the Government of Lublin; near Warsaw; near Lomze (Taczanowski).
Turkey. By no means & common species in Central Bulgaria; breeds in the thickly wooded hills that border on the Pravidy Valley (Farman) ; plentiful on the southern Danube (Dresser); common in Macedonia and Bulgaria, numerous in February (Elwes § Buckley); very common on the Bosphorus during migration (Alléon & Vian).
Greece. Breeds in Attica from Corinth to Livadia, resident also im winter (Lindermayer); breeds in the Cyclades, leaving in winter (Erhardt); Tonian Islands (Lilford).
Southern Russia. Steppes of Bessarabia (Nordmann); Crimea [?] (Nord- mann); Tiflis (Radde). Sabandeif did not meet with it m the southern « Ural.
Asia Minor. Xanthus (Fellows); “only of very rare occurrence near
1*
4 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
Smyrna in summer ; but I think I have seen it with other Vultures near Kaias (Kriiper, J. f. O. 1869. p. 23).
Cyprus. (Mus. Berol.).
Palestine. By no means common, but a few scattered over the country (Tristram).
Egypt. Throughout the country, but nowhere abundant (Shelley). Von Heuglin only once saw it, near Benisouef, and considers it to be a very rare straggler.
Algeria. Not common, only seen singly or in pairs (Loche); in the mountainous parts, more especially in the neighbourhood of Constantine (Taczanowski, J. f. O. 1870, p. 36).
Morocco. Once near Tangier (Favier); a specimen, perhaps the identi- cal one obtained by Favier, is in the Norwich Museum from Tangier Irby B. Gibr. p. 28).
Northern Persia (Blanford).
Turkestan. All over the country, breeding. Found during the winter season in the north-western and south-western divisions of the country (Severtzoff). Cf. Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 98.
India. By no means rare throughout the north-west provinces, becoming more common in the country north-west of Delhi in the cold weather (Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 234). Throughout the Punjaub, N.W. Provinces, Oudh, and Rajpootana, north-west of the Avavalli Hills in the cold weather, being most abundant in the far north-west, and becoming less and less common as you proceed south and west; a few specimens met with in that portion of the Central Provinces known as the Sagar and Nerbuddah terri- tories, and in the northern or Shikarpoor collectorate of Sindh (Hume) ; once about twenty miles north of Ahmedabad (Butler); not yet received or heard of from Jodhpoor, Cutch, Kattiawar, or Sindh; and though it may doubtless occur within this vast tract, it can only be as a rare strag- gler (Hume); met within the cold weather near the Sambhur lake (Adam, S. F. 1873, p. 367); once at Ajmere, and further north in Rajpootana it is not uncommon (Hume); Nepal (Hodgson); Darjeeling Cendons Bho- tan (Hume); Assam (Jenkins, Mus. Calc.).
Mongolia (David).
China. Peking (David); Ningpo (Swinkoe, Mus. Brit.); mouth of the Shanghai river and Chusan archipelago (Swinhoe).
2. Gyps FuLvus. (Map I.)
G. FuLvus (Gm.); Sharpe, Cat. i. p. 5.
The Griffon Vulture is here considered as one species, for after Mr. Gurney’s observations (Ibis, 1875, pp. 88, 89) I do not think that my proposed separation of the Spanish bird asa distinct race can be upheld. In fact the way in which the Griffons wander would render it difficult to draw the exact range of one of the
17 3
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACCIPILRES.
G. fulvus group; and therefore I relinquish the name G. héspanio- lensis; but at the same time the Spanish birds now alive in the Zoological Gardens show no inclination to paler colouring as they get older, but have the rufous coloration which induced me first to separate them. I further stated my belief that the Algerian Griffon (and probably the bird from North-east Africa also) would prove to be the same as G. hispaniolensis from Southern Spain. As to their habits of wandering, Canon Tristram says that during the Crimean war the Arabs believed that “ the Vultures from all North-east Africa were gathered together to feed on Russian horses in the Crimea, and declare that very few ‘Nissr’ were to be seen in their accustomed haunts.” Nor is the Spanish Vulture free from these erratic habits; for Mr. Howard Saunders, writing of his trip to Southern Spain in 1868, says, “it had been a bad year for Vultures generally (they were away in Morocco feeding on Moors and Riffites).” I depended a great deal on the restricted habitat of G. hispaniolensis as a special feature; but if the bird wanders as stated above, then it is worth- less; and moreover Mr. Gurney’s researches (J. c.) tend to prove that the value of the Spanish bird as a race is very doubtful. Still the question is undoubtedly not yet settled, and a larger series will be necessary to determine the matter. I may re- mark, en passant, with regard to Mr. Gurney’s statement that in the event of G. hispaniolensis proving distinct it must be called G. occidentalis, Bp., that this is certainly not so ; for Bonaparte’s name is taken from Schlegel’s Vultur fulvus occidentalis, the types of which exist at Leiden, and are inseparable from the Hast-Euro- pean bird. Pyrenean specimens may be the same as Sardinian ; but my G. hispaniolensis, be it remembered, is the bird from Southern Spain.
PaL#ARcTIC REGION.
Great Britain. Once, on the rocks near Cork Harbour. (For particulars, see Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds.’)
France. Twice, in the department of the Seine Inférieure, in a plain at Saint Romain de Colbose, and near Bolbec (Lemettei/). Of frequent oc- currence in Provence, and occasionally in Languedoc, Dauphiné, and the north of France ; one killed near Armenbiéres in July 1828, and a young bird killed near Abbeville (Baillon); mountains of Provence, |’Ardéche, the Pyrenees, and especially the Cevennes ; only a very accidental visitor in Savoy in autumn and spring. The localities where it has been met with are the mountains adjacent to Montiers, those of the Bauges, especially
6 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
those which feed large flocks of kids or sheep, such as the mountains of Trélez, Orgeval, Rosannaz, and those of Faucigny, whence in 1846 M. Louis Coppier received a young male captured at Chamounix (Bailly) ; a regular migrant in the south of France (Jaudert et Barthélemy-Lapom- meraye).
Lorraine. Very rare (Godron}; killed once near Rémilly in 1842 (Hollandre).
Spain. Common in Southern Spaia (Saunders); very plentiful near Gibraltar, nesting in colonies (Jrby); Guadalquivir river (Lilford) ; Sierra de Ja Palmiterra near Marbella (Li/ford).
Psrtugal. Said to be common in the southern distriets, and seen on several occasions in the plains of Alemtejo (Smith); comimon in the last- named locality (Bocage).
Italy. Resident in the Alps of Nice and in Sicily, and of accidental oc- eurrence all over Italy (Salvadort).
Sardinia. By no means uncommon; resident and breeding (A. B Brooke).
Austria. Often plentiful in Southern Hungary, Dalmatia, and Servia (Fritsch) ; Zwolfaxing (Brezenheim); breeding in the Banat (Zelebor); cf. Pelz. Sitz. z.-b. G. Wien, 1862, p. 129; a male procured at Neutitschein (Mahren) in October 1873 (Von Tschust).
- Bohemia. Comes from the eastward, particularly from Galicia and Hun- gary (Fritsch. J. f. O. 1871, p. 175).
Germany. Of accidental occurrence nearly all over Germany ; Ober- Lansitz ; Oldenburg, near Miinster ; Dantzig, &c. (Borggreve).
Poland. Rarer than Vultur monachus; near Samosé; near Warsaw ( Taczanowskt).
Russia. Courland ; killed in the Mitau district (Goebel). According to Mr. Dresser, it was found by Sabanaeff “in the Kaslinsky Ural, where it breeds;‘ and he further states that it ranges as high as 59° N. lat., having been obtained in the Pavdinskaia Dacha. He records the capture of one within sixty miles of Moscow in 1841, and says that sportsmen have assured him that they have seen this species in the district of Jaroslaf, which he thinks may have been the case. He also speaks of it as an annual migrant in the Government of Voronege.”” Uman, ob- served on the 26th of April, 1871. (Goebel, J. f. O. 1873, p. 131); near Tiflis (Radde) ; more or less common on all the shores of the Black Sea, more abundant in Bessarabia, only in small numbers on the mountains which border the south coast of the Crimea (Nordmann) ; abundant near Sevastopol in 1854 (G. C. Taylor).
Turkey. One of the commonest birds throughout Central Bulgaria ; particularly partial to the Pravidy Valley (Harman); common in Mace- donia and Bulgaria (Hlwes & Buckley); common during migration, pass- ing the summer in the interior, some few remaining (Alléon).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACCIPITRES. 7
Greece. Resident (Lindermayer); abundant in Epirus (Liiford); Athens (Merlin); numerous near Missolonghi; breeds at Mount Varassoro and in the Klissouras of Aracynthus (Hudleston).
Crete (J. H. Gurney).
Syria. Beyrout (Lauretta).
Palestine. Common all over the country ; plentiful in the hill-country of Judza, and observed breeding in some ravines near the Dead Sea (Tristram).
Egypt. Plentifully distributed throughout Egypt and Nubia (Shelley).
Tunis. Not noticed in this regency (Salvin); occurs here and in Fez (Von Heuglin).
Algeria. Throughout the country (Loche); first seen at Souk Harras; several pairs also seen at Djebel Dekma and at “ Khifan, Msakta;’’ very plentiful at Kef Laks and in the neighbourhood (Salvin) ; Laghouat (J. H. Gurney, jun.); Sahara (Tristram).
Morocco, Common at Tetran (Drake); occurs commonly in Tangier, both as a resident and on passage (Favier). “Idid not see many Griffons in Morocco; but there were a few near Jebel Moosa in April” (Irby).
Central Africa (Denham, Mus. Brit.).
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
N.E. Africa. Resident along the coast of the Red Sea to 16° N. lat.; the whole of Egypt and Nubia; Abyssinia to 12,000 feet; singly in Kor- dofan, and on the Lower Blue and White Niles (Von Heuglin); Senafe in April; common in the Abyssinian highlands (Jesse); common in Samhar and on the Barka (Antinori). A species called the “Armed Vulture ” is mentioned by Browne in his ‘African Travels,’ and is said to be extremely frequent in the country of Darfur, where it flies about in thousands (ef. ‘ Discoveries in Africa,’ p. 441, 1849). This is perhaps the Griffon.
Arabia. Near Akabah, Peninsula of Smai (Wyatt).
Persia. Plentiful in the mountainous parts and at Vemavend (De Filippi); Southern Persia (Blanford).
Turkestan (Severizof). Dr. Severtzoff, one of the keenest ornitholo- gical observers 1 have ever met, seems to consider the Turkestan Griffon distinct ; for he proposed the name of G. rutilans for it at one time (ef. J.f. O. 1870, p. 382 &c.).
InpDIAN REGION.
India. Mr. Hume has named the Griffon of India Gyps fulveseens, on account of its persistent bay colour; and I must say that the specimens in the Museum bear evidence of its distinctness. Taking into considera- tion the above observations of Dr. Severtzoff, the Indian Griffon (which, like G. himalayensis and Otogyps calvus, doubtless finds its way to Tur- kestan) is most probably distinct. Mr. Hume says, “I have found this bird very common throughout the Punjaub, Northern Rajpootana, and the north-western provinces, north and west of Etawah: and Colonel Tytler
8 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
has a young bird from Oraiee.”’ As far asI can yet judge, it is essentially the vulture of the desert. In richly cultivated tracts, far from any sandy wastes, it is rare; but in the lower portions of the North-western Pro- vinces and the Punjaub i is common, and in and on the borders of Bha- wulpoor, Bikaneer, Jodhpoor, and Northern Jaipoor it abounds.” Cap- tain C. Marshall has found it breeding near Lahore. In Sindh, writes Mr. Hume, “this was the only species of Vulture that I actually shot and identified ; but other species doubtless occur. Vultures, however, are very rare in Sindh, compared with what they are in Upper India.”” He then gives additional evidence as to the distinctness of G. fulvescens (cf. Sir. F. 1873, pp. 148-150). Common near the Sambhur lake (Adam). Captain Butler, in his paper “On the Birds of Mount Aboo and Northern Guzerat,” includes the true Gyps fulvus as “ common on the plains,” and he says that G. fulvescens of Hume is not very common. Mr. Hume ob- serves that the latter species has been shot by himself at Deesa and Jodh- poor, and he has received it from Cutch, Kattiawar,and Sindh. With re- gard to Captain Butler’s observation, it is worthy of note that he, a good field-naturalist, is acquainted with two species of Griffon on the plains of North-western India; and this is an additional argument in favour of the recognition of G. fulvescens. Kumaon (Strachey). Nepalese examples col- lected by Mr. Hodgson are in the British Museum. It is said to have been procured by Griffith in Assam ; but Mr. Blyth suggests that, as Mr. Griffith also collected in Afghanistan, the Griffon may have come from the latter place, owing to some misapprehension as to the locality. Upper Pegu. Perhaps occurs here. Cf. Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 18.
3. GYPs HIMALAYENSIS. (Map III.)
G. HIMALAYENSIS, Hume; Sharpe, Cat. B.1.p. 8.
Hab. Himalaya Mountains from Cabool to Bhootan; breeds in the Himalayas in January, February, and March (Hume). Nepal (Hodgson, Mus. Brit.). ‘‘ Not common between Gangaotri and Musscorie ; occasion- ally seen’ seated on its nest above the road, but so high up that it was almost out of rifle-shot, and at the opposite side of the narrow glen in which the river there runs. But for the white mark on the rock caused by the dung of the bird, I should not have noticed it. .... All the nests of this bird which I saw were inaccessible; and whether they cou- tained young or not I could not tell. None of them occurred below Bara- hath; eyry the above referred to was not far from Danguli (Brooks); Major Lloyd noticed a Griffon about the cliffs and valleys of the Geerwar (Kattiawar) which he thinks may be this species (Ibis, 1873, p. 402). Turkestan; resident in the north-eastern district “ comprismg Semiratchje, Issikkul, the Upper Narin, Acksay, Kopal, and Vernoe”’ (Severtzoff, cf. Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 97). Its vertical range in Turkestan is “A winter visitant in district 3, a resident in district 4, where it breeds, and probably nests in districts 3, 4, and 5” (Severtzoff, J. c.). (For the explanation of the vertical range, vide Dresser, J. c.)
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACCIPITRES. 9
4, Gyps KonBr. (Map IIT.)
G. KoLBI (Daud.); Sharpe, Cat. B.i. p. 8, pl. 1.
Hab. South Africa; pretty generally distributed throughout the Cape colony, still lingering even near Capetown (Layard); Gauritz river (Atmore). Caffraria (Brehm). Port Elizabeth and East London (Rickard). Algoa Bay (Mus. Wien). Common in Natal (Ayres). Ex- tremely common from Natal up to the Matabili country (T. E. Buckley). Breeding in the Transvaal Republic (Ayres). Very numerous during a journey from Potschefstroom to the river Limpopo (Ayres). In all pro- bability the species of Griffon met with in the; Zambesi delta by Dr. Kirk (Ibis, 1864, p. 314). Sparingly found in Damara Land, chiefly observed in the vicinity of the sea above Oosop rocks in the lower course of the Swakop river. Mr. Andersson does not seem to have sent home any skins of this Vulture, with which, however, he was doubtless thoroughly well ac- quainted. Mr. Chapman states that it is found nearly all over South Africa, but is more common to the south and east than in either Damara or Great Namaqua Land.
N.B. It has not yet been met with by Anchieta in Mossa- medes or Benguela, and seems to be much rarer on the western side of the continent. It was probably at one time more frequent in the western parts of the Cape colony, as Sir Andrew Smith, writing in 1829, speaks of it as occurring in great abundance throughout the whole of South Africa (S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 11).
There is no valid evidence of its occurrence out of the South- African subregion; and its reputed capture in North-east Africa requires confirmation, while Von Pelzeln (Sitz. z.-b. G. Wien, 1862, p. 180) very properly doubts Erhardt’s statement of its oc- currence in the Cyclades (Naumannia, 1858, p. 16).
5. Gyps RUEPPELLI. (Map IV.)
G. RUEPPELLI, Brehm; Sharpe, Cat. B.i.p. 9.
Hab. N.E. Africa. Takar and Southern Nubia; Kordofan, Senaar ; Abyssinia ; Djak on the White Nile, less abundant on this river; comes to the sea-coast in Samhar, and occurs on the high mountains of Sémien and in the Galla countries up to 10,000 feet (Von Heughn). Angollala, Shoa, October 1842 (Harris, Mus. Brit.). Autrub, on the Blue Nile (An- tinori). The great majority of the Vultures met with in the Abyssinian Highlands were probably of this species, which was by no means confined to the high tableland; abundant in the Anseba valley at from 4000 to 4590 feet; Rairo, north of the Lebka valley, at 3000 feet (Blanford). South Africa, rare; seldom found to the south of the Orange river (J. Verreaux). Port Natal (J. Verreaux, Mus. Lisb.); rare in this part of the
colony Ayres).
10 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
S.W. Africa. Ondonga, Ovampo Land, Nov. 1866.
I cannot help thinking that this is the identical specimen men- tioned by Professor Schlegel (Revue, Accipitr. p. 140) as Vultur fulvus kolbet. When I gave up collecting large African birds in order to restrict myself to Passeres and Picarie, most of the former passed into the hands of Mr. Frank, by whom they were offered to the Leiden Museum. I may state therefore that the bird in question was examined both by Mr. Gurney and myself, and identified as G. rueppelli, which, as I have observed in my ‘ Catalogue,’ when adult, is unmistakable, but when young more nearly resembles the other Griffons.
6. Gyps typicus. (Map IV.)
G. InDicus (Scop.); Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 10.
Hab. All over India, more rare towards the south, and then chiefly near mountains; not rare on the Neilgherries, where it breeds (Jerdon). Kat- tiawar (Lloyd); breeds at the Taragurh Hill near Ajmere, and in the Gai- mookh cliffs on Mount Aboo (Hume); very common near the Sambhur Lake (Adam); common in Oudh and Kumaon (Irby) ; Nepal (Hodgson); Deccan (Sykes); probably occurs in the Wardha valley (Blanford) ; Assensole, Chota Nagpur district (Brooks); breeds near Calcutta (Blyth); very abundant in Burmah (Jerdon); Arakan (Blyth) ; Zwagaben Moun- tains (Beavan); nowhere in great numbers in Upper Pegu, but is not un- common near villages (Oates); Siam (Schomburgk); an adult and a nest- ling procured by Mouhot in Siam, 200 miles N.E. of Bangkok, in the Nor- wich Museum (Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mus. p. 74) ; Malayan penin- sula: “I have seen two specimens of this Vulture in a Malacca collection. No doubt a Vulture of any kind is there rare, or it would not have been deemed worthy of preservation; according to Sir Stamford Raffles, Vul- tures are rare on the west coast of Sumatra, but are occasionally seen on the Malayan peninsula and at Penang” (Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 277; Blyth, B. Burma, p. 64).
Mr. Hume believes that two distinct birds are generally com- prised under the name of G. zndicus, and he has named one of them G. pallescens. Captain Butler says that the Long-billed Brown Vulture is very common near Mount Aboo and in Northern Guzerat; and Mr. Hume states that the bird from these parts is the pale cliff-breeding G. pallescens, and not the so-called G. in- dicus of Scopoli, “so common in the eastern portions of our empire.” He states that he has received it from Jodhpoor, Cutch, and Kattiawar, but not Scimdh as yet.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACCIPITRES. 11
7. PSEUDOGYPS BENGALENSIS. (Map V.)
P. BENGALENSIS (Gm.); Sharpe, Cat. B.i. p. 11.
Hab. The commonest Vulture in